铬污染对土壤细菌群落结构及其构建机制的影响

随着工业的快速发展铬（Cr）已经成为我国主要的土壤重金属污染物之一,严重地影响了土壤生态环境以及居民的身体健康.本研究以河北省某制革工厂污泥堆周边污染土壤为研究对象,采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术对不同污染程度土壤样品中的细菌群落结构及其群落构建机制进行分析.结果表明,铬污染显著地影响了土壤理化性质以及微生物群落.不同铬污染程度的土壤样品中,细菌群落结构与组成差异显著.高浓度的铬污染能降低土壤细菌群落的α多样性.铬污染土壤样品中的细菌共分为55个门,其中变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）和厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）为优势菌门（相对丰度>5%）.铬污染土壤中,细菌群落在构建过程中以决定性过程为主,随机性比例随着铬含量的升高而降低,并且均为同质性选择过程.土壤中总铬含量、含水率、pH、有机质与细菌群落显著（P<0.05）相关,是影响细菌群落结构的主要驱动因子.     

嗜盐菌群在甲苯降解过程中群落结构的变化解析

从胜利油田的高盐油污土壤中富集到1个高效降解BTEX(苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯)的嗜盐菌群,分析了菌群在甲苯降解过程中的群落结构变化.结果表明,该菌群在5%盐度下可完全降解200mg/L甲苯.PCR-DGGE图谱显示,随着甲苯的加入,该菌群的优势种属由Bacillus sp.和Bacillus aquimaris转变为Thalassospira xiamenensis、Pseudomonas stutzeri、Virgibacillus sp.和Bacillus sp..这4种微生物在整个降解过程中稳定存在,且在降解完成后24h内没有衰亡的迹象.另外,该菌群可以降解菲,显示了降解多种芳香族化合物的能力.     

AQUATIC ORGANISMS AND HEAVY METALS IN MISSOURI'S NEW LEAD BELT1

The New Lead. Belt of southeastern Missouri has recently become the largest lead producing region of the world. The impact of this rapid development on the previously rural and undeveloped region of the Missouri Ozarks is the subject of a continuing interdisciplinary study. Since the industrial development began, there have been a number of nuisance biological blooms in several of the small streams receiving effluent from the mines and mills. The major constituents of the problem algal growths were identified and found to include: Cladophora, Oscillatoria, Mougeotia, Zygnema, Spirogyra, Cymbella, and a variety of other stalked and non-stalked diatoms. Secondary blooms of Sphaerotilus were observed to reach problem proportions in some streams, particularly in the autumn. Finely ground rock flour and mineral particles escaping from tailings dams were found to be trapped by the stream vegetation. Concentrations of lead, zinc, copper, and manganese in the algal and bacterial mats were found to be inversely related to distance downstream from the tailings dams. Consumer organisms, including crayfish, snails, aquatic insects, tadpoles, minnows and larger sunfish were analyzed to determine the extent of dissemination and concentration of the heavy metals through food chains. Preliminary results indicated insignificant concentrations of heavy metals in those consumer organisms studied, though in at least one problem stream the normal consumer organisms mentioned were markedly reduced in numbers.     

当代河流系统研究中稳定性同位素的应用

对天然存在的稳定碳、氮同位素在河流系统中的有机物质（POM和DOM）来源、转换、运移规律、与沿岸生态系统的关系、河口区不同来源颗粒有机质的混合过程、河流系统中富营养的污染来源和土壤中的微生物过程、系统中的营养行为和食物来源途径以及河流有机物质在陆架上的分配、积累和运移规律的应用研究作了较为系统的论述。     

利用高效复合菌净化城市微污染水的静态试验研究

EM经三种培养基富集培养后，用其培养液对微污染水进行净化处理。结果表明：三种培养液在曝气或静置的运行条件下，对微污染水中的COD和氨氮有稳定良好的去除效果，其去除率分别为50％和85％；对磷酸盐的去除随运行条件的不同而不同，曝气条件下比静置条件要好，其去除率也都在60％以上。试验证明：EM培养液对微污染水有良好的净化能力。     

河北近岸海域浮游细菌与病毒的关系

运用荧光显微技术,从2006年7月~2007年10月,分季度采样,对河北北戴河和天津沿岸海域的浮游细菌和病毒进行了调查。结果表明,浮游细菌和病毒具有明显的时空分布特点,细菌丰度超过106/mL,病毒丰度超过107/mL。病毒总数与细菌总数之比VBR为1.75~26.51,平均为6.22。运用超离心和电子显微镜对2007年春季样品进行检测,发现被病毒感染的细菌总频度为3%~5%,引起的细菌死亡率为28%~55%,平均为41.5%。揭示浮游病毒感染是浮游细菌死亡的重要原因,同时病毒在海洋系统物质循环和能量流动中扮演重要角色。     

Spatial and seasonal variations in bacterial communities of the Yellow Sea by T-RFLP analysis

Four typical coastal sites (rocky shore, sandy shore, mud flat shore, and artificial harbor) at the Yellow Sea were chosen to investigate the spatial and seasonal variations in bacterial communities. This was accomplished by using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis of PCR amplified 16S rDNA fragments. Two kinds of tetrameric restriction enzymes, HhaI and MspI, were used in the experiment to depict the bacterial community diversity in different marine environments. It was found that the community compositions digested by the two enzymes separately were different. However, the results of bacterial community diversity derived from them were similar. The MDA analysis results of T-RFLP profiles coming from HhaI and MspI both exhibited a significant seasonal community shift for bacteria and a relatively low spatial variation among the four locations. With HhaI as the sample, the pair wise T-tests also revealed that variations were minor between each pair of marine environments, with R ranging from 0.198 to 0.349. However, the bacterial community structure in the mud flat site depicted a larger difference than each of the other three sites (R ranging from 0.282 to 0.349).     

祁连山七一冰川及融水中细菌多样性的研究

通过荧光显微镜测定细菌密度,利用分离培养和16S rDNA序列分析细菌种类多样性,对祁连山七一冰川雪及融水中的细菌数量和多样性进行了研究.结果表明,七一冰川雪及融水中微生物总数为103~105cells.mL-1,可培养细菌数为0~600cfu.mL-1.恢复出的22株不同种类的细菌隶属于Bacteroidetes、Actinobacteria、Firmicutes和a,β,γ-Proteobacteria共6个类群,其中Bacteroidetes占总类群的80%,为优势类群;Pedobacter和Pseudomonas属为优势菌,占可培养细菌数量的90%.与青藏高原、南北极冰雪中微生物的比较分析发现Pantoea、Providencia、Terrabacter及Aerococcus这4个属和Oxalobacteraceae细菌是七一冰川的地方种类,在其它低温环境中未被发现.     

北京翠湖表流和潜流湿地对细菌多样性的影响

以北京翠湖湿地污水塘、表流湿地和潜流湿地3个单元为研究对象,在了解其水质的基础上,利用流式细胞仪和培养法分别测定微生物细胞总数目和可培养细菌的菌落数目,并采用PCR-DGGE和16S rDNA文库技术对样品的细菌多样性和优势群落结构进行分析.结果表明,翠湖表流和潜流湿地处理对化学需氧量、总氮和总磷的去除率分别达到42.33%、 52.92％和 41.4％;随湿地的逐级处理,总的微生物数量呈逐渐上升的趋势;而可培养的细菌数则表现为先降低后升高;污水塘的水流经表流湿地后,细菌的多样性指数H由3.081 9提高到3.285 0,随潜流湿地的进一步处理又降为3.0181;污水塘细菌的主要类群为Actinobacteria、Cyanobacteria、α-Proteobacteria,分别占38％、　18%和18%;表流和潜流湿地处理后最主要的细菌类群变为β-Proteobacteria,分别占32%和44%,Cytophaga/Flexibacter/Bacteroides（CFB）类群也明显增加,达24%.因此,北京翠湖表流和潜流湿地在去除有机物、氮和磷的同时,微生物数量、细菌多样性及优势群落都发生了明显变化,对水质可能造成危害的某些类群如Actinobacteria、Cyanobacteria比例减少,而β-Proteobacteria和CFB类群的细菌增加.     

低浓度辛基酚的好氧生物降解特性和群落多样性

利用摇瓶序批式试验研究了好氧菌群对低浓度辛基酚的生物降解特性和群落特征.结果表明,在辛基酚初始浓度水平为200、100、50μg·L-1的条件下,一级反应动力学常数分别为0.131、0.219和0.431d-1,辛基酚浓度升高显示出一定的代谢抑制作用.在pH值为5～9的范围内,弱碱性条件(pH=8)最有利于辛基酚的生物降解.甲醇、葡萄糖、苯酚、酵母浸出物等有机添加物普遍可以改善辛基酚的生物代谢,其中,苯酚和酵母浸出物的促进效果最明显,在200μg·L-1的初始浓度下,辛基酚降解半衰期从5.3d分别降至3.2d和2.3d.与较高浓度烷基酚类污染物试验结果不同,实验过程中发现的主要优势菌以γ-proteobacteria、β-proteobacteria和Firmicutes为主.